The first image loads without problems, but if you try to replace it, everything remains exactly the same. It will only change if it was, for example, jpg., and you upload png., that is, a different format and then only once.

Have you tried to clear cache?

Yes. Where should I add the end with the date to the uploaded image so that it is perceived by the cache as new?

Cache is browser setting.
You cannot change cache on image itself.